A Timeline for the Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxons

During the period of the Christianisation of the previously heathen Germanic peoples the Church initially used deception as a tool to win over the hearts and minds of the people as they lacked the power at that stage to use violence and force. Only after the introduction of Christianity in certain regions with the assistance of chieftains and petty kings did they resort to more overt methods to establish and enforce the Christian religion.

The conversion of the Anglo-Saxons started relatively early, only a century and a half after the 'coming of the English' in 449 CE, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. I realise of course that there was a Germanic presence in England centuries before this date but for convenience I am referring to this date. Pope Gregory I made the decision to send missionaries to the Anglo-Saxons and the mission began in 597 with the arrival of a mission under the leadership of a Benedictine monk, Augustine to Canterbury in the kingdom of Kent. Kent was colonised by Jutes from northern Germany and southern Denmark. The king at that time, Aethelbert (c. 550-616) was the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kings and held the title of Bretwalda ('ruler of Britain'). That does not of course signify that Aethelbert literally was the 'ruler of Britain', just that he was a powerful king with influence over other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. It should be understood that 'Britain' was a term that the Romans used for what became England and Wales. 'Great Britain' refers to the entire island including Scotland.

It was a shrewd decision of Gregory to target the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kings as conversion was a process from the top down in the hierarchy of society. It is said that Aethelbert converted to Christianity very quickly and one must question how deeply held his convictions were? I believe that the answer lies with Aethelbert's wife Bertha, the daughter of the Christian Merovingian king of Paris, Charibert I (c. 517-567). On travelling to Kent to marry Aethelbert Bertha took with her Bishop Liudhard, her private chaplain so it is clear where the influence and motivation to convert was coming from. Whilst it does not appear that Aethelbert forced his subjects to convert it would appear that they were to enjoy the king's favour if they did.

The Christianisation process in Kent saw a reversal after Aethelbert's and Bertha's deaths. His son Eadbald, a pagan succeeded him. However even Eadbald would ultimately also convert to Christianity. One other king Saeberht of Essex converted under the influence of Eadbald's father, Aethelbert. It is quite obvious that these sudden 'conversions' amongst the most powerful people in England had nothing other than money and power as the motives. It is not my intention to give a detailed chronology for the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons but merely to point out how this process began-under the influence of kings and initially peacefully but that was not to last for very long.

Bede tells us in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People that Eadbald's son, Eorcenbehrt (died 664) was the first Anglo-Saxon king to command that the 'pagan idols' be destroyed and the feast of Lent to be enforced. It did not take long, not even half a century for the former peaceful methods of conversion started to take a violent turn!

Kent was not immune from the Christian virus for other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms started to convert at about the same time in the early 7th century. King Raedwald of East Anglia converted in the year 604. It would appear that this too was under the influence of Aethelbert! However Raedwald's 'conversion' does not appear to have been very sincere as his temple contained both an altar dedicated to Christ and one to the old Gods. Under the prompting of King Edwin of Northumbria, Raedwald's son, Eorpwald converted to Christianity along with his entire kingdom. Edwin was baptised in 627 and is widely regarded as one of the most committed Christian kings amongst his contemporaries. However under what or whose influence did Edwin convert? Once again as in the case of Aethelbert Edwin was married to a Merovingian princess, Aethelburh of Kent, the sister of Eadbald who by this time was also a Christian! I have written in the past about Edwin's high priest Coifi who was also instrumental in persuading Edwin to convert and it was he who desecrated the temple of Woden in Goodmanham in 627. See: The Temple of Woden at Goodmanham

These conversions as I have intimated earlier did encounter the odd pagan backlash and setback. The Christian king Eorpwald was slain in 627 by Ricberht who it is believed was his brother and may have ruled East Anglia afterwards.

In the same 7th century Peada, the son of the pagan Penda and the king of Mercia also embraced Christianity and there is no record of any relapse in that kingdom. In the kingdom of Sussex Aethelwealh was baptised in 675 and it is speculated that this was a precondition of marrying the Christian Queen Eafa of the Hwicce. (This seems to be a recurring theme!) Hwicce was a tribal kingdom under the influence of the much larger and more powerful Mercia. The Christianisation of the kingdom of Wessex began with the baptism of King Cynegils in 635. Likewise Cwichelm of Wessex who was the king of the Gewisse was also baptised in the same year. It is of this royal house that the Christian zealot Alfred the 'Great' sprang.

One of the later kingdoms to be converted was that of the Jutes of the Isle of Wight who unlike the others were converted by force after the invasion of King Wulfhere of Mercia in 661. Once the king left the islanders returned to paganism but 25 years later in 686 King Caedwalla of Wessex also invaded but this time exterminated the population (in true 'Christian' fashion) and annexed the island to the kingdom of Wessex.

The Eyraland Thor and the Icelandic Foss Hammer

"National Museum of Iceland, Reykjavik. Figure of god Thor ( ca. 1000 AD ), made of bronze" by Wolfgang Sauber, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyrarland_Statue The image has not been changed and the image owner does not endorse this blog.



A figurine depicting what appears to be a seated Thor, grasping a hammer was discovered in 1815 or 1816 when it was unearthed from the soil at the Eyraland farm near Akureyri in Iceland. The figure is made of bronze and is currently housed in the National Museum of Iceland. I have 2 bronze replicas of the Eyraland Thor and they are used as altar items in my worship of Him.

As I have mentioned before (and need to keep reiterating) the type of hammer that 'Thor' is holding is in the typical Icelandic cross shape, almost a duplicate of the 'Wolf's Cross' found at Foss in Iceland, currently also housed in the National Museum. This clear resemblance should once and for all close the argument as to whether the Foss Hammer is a hammer or a cross. This variation of the hammer was clearly local to Iceland and the argument that it is a 'hybrid' between the Christian cross and Thor's Hammer does not hold water in view of the form that the hammer takes in the hands of the Eyraland Thor.

The argument in favour of it being a hybrid is that it could be disguised as a cross by its wearer (to avoid persecution) but as it dates back to the 10th century and thus PREDATES the Christianisation of Iceland this does not make one iota of sense. Even after the Icelandic Althing voted to accept Christianity in the year 1000 heathenism was still tolerated as a private practice on the island. So it begs the question why anyone would seek to disguise his hammer amulet PRIOR to the Christianisation process?

I have several variants of the Foss Hammer in a variety of metals: pewter, bronze and stainless steel and indeed the St Justin (larger size) Foss Hammer was the second Thor's Hammer I ever purchased in the mid 1990s. I particularly recommend their version which is much chunkier than the original and their products do come with a life time guarantee. The chief gothi of the Asatru Association in Iceland, Hilmar Orn Hilmarsson has been photographed wearing a Foss Hammer himself. Surely there can be no higher recommendation than this?

The Thor Stone at Taston

The "Thorstone" at Taston, Oxfordshire, UK, by ColinofOxfordshire, is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0  Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taston No changes were made to the image. The image owner does not endorse this blog.








There are a number of megaliths in Great Britain named after the Germanic Gods or at least have legends attributed to them which involve our deities. One example of the former is the Thor Stone situated in Taston in Oxfordshire, England. It is situated next to the garden wall of Thorstone Cottage in the middle of the small hamlet. Taston is believed to be derived from Thorstan (meaning Thorstone) but I cannot find the place name referred to in either A Dictionary of English Place-Names (A.D. Mills, 1991) or Place-Names in the Landscape (Margaret Gelling, 1984), no doubt because of the small size of the hamlet. I understand however that it is referred to in Gelling's The Place-Names of Oxfordshire-volume 2 (1954).

It is significant however that the village should take its name from this megalith and no doubt this was originally a ritual site for the worship of Thor. The suffix of the original name Thor-stan is of Old English rather than Norse origin and I am speculating that this may have been an Anglian cultic site where Thunor was worshiped. Over the course of time and with the influence of Old Norse on the English language 'Thunor' may very well have transformed in some places in to 'Thor'.

Elsie Corbett in her A History of Spelsbury (1962) relates that the stone is said to be a thunderbolt thrown down from the heavens. This idea is closely related to the concept of the much smaller Thunderstones in Germanic folklore. The story of the origin of the stone is similar to that of the origin of the Devil's Arrows in Boroughbridge and I refer readers to my article The Devil's Arrows in Folklore

The Felling of Donar's Oak

The felling of the sacred oak of Donar in 723/724 CE (this date is estimated) at Geismar, near Fritzlar, Hesse, Germany reminds me of the felling of the Irminsul by Charlemagne in 778 CE. Both trees or columns were sacred to the ancient Germans and symbolically they remind us of the tree Yggdrasil referred to in the Icelandic Eddas. The destruction of these two sacred things by the genocidal and maniacal Christian Church should not surprise us. Christianity like Islam is a death cult whilst the Irminsul and Donar's Oak represent LIFE!

The felling of Donar's Oak is referred to in Willibald's Life of Saint Boniface, a grossly exaggerated account of what actually occurred. According to Willibald as soon as the Anglo-Saxon Boniface (born Wynfrith) took his axe to the oak tree it began to fall and this 'miracle' caused astonishment amongst the witnesses so that they readily converted to Christianity. In reality it took many hours to chop down the tree as Boniface made known in his letter to Pope Gregory II, making Willibald (like most of his ilk) a bare faced liar. Allegedly oak from this sacred tree was used by Boniface to build an oratory (a small chapel for private worship) and dedicated it to Saint Peter.

I dare say that the Oak of Donar in Hesse was not unique and many such sacred oaks existed in pre-Christian times but the account by Willibald is significant for the 8th century marked a turning point in the Christianisation of Germany and the massacre of 4,500 Saxons at Verden in 772 CE showed how desperate Charlemagne and the Church were to impose their alien religion upon my ancestors. Not content with desecrating our most sacred sites the Church was not above committing genocide in their forceable conversion of the Saxons. The only reason why we do not see this today is because the power of the Church has been broken but we do see the same impulse in modern day Islam.

This vile creature, Boniface became known as the 'Apostle of the Germans'. However ultimately he was to pay the price for his sacrilege. By felling Donar's Oak he had in effect weaved his own wyrd!  In 754 CE he was slain by the heathen Frisians. He dared to challenge our God Donar and 30 years later he paid the consequences for his crime. For those of you who are interested in the association between Donar and the oak I would direct you to chapter 15 (The Worship of the Oak) of The Golden Bough by James George Frazer (1922), a most excellent work on mythology which has in my opinion never been equalled.

A Dream of Valhalla/Folkvangr and Freyja

I do not often discuss my dreams on my blogs but on occasion I feel that there is a pressing need to do so and this is one of those occasions. Last night I woke up at about 3.00 am following a very vivid dream. In my dream I saw a procession of warriors and they were led by a female who I sensed was a deity but not a Valkyrie. She rode on a horse. I do not recall if the warriors she led were on horseback or not as everything in my dream was indistinct and the whole dream lacked colour. It was entirely monochrome in nature, consisting of various shades of grey. There was no light in the dream but it was not entirely dark either but resembled twilight. The female at the head of the procession also carried a very large round shield in front of her. I instinctively realised that this was a Goddess and was Freyja Herself.

Freyja led the warriors through a gateway, the details of which I could not make out. I was not part of the procession but watched it from the side. There was no interaction between them and I. Then immediately after this I found myself inside a very large enclosure with thousands of people. I could not discern their features but I knew that these were all dead people and the enclosure was indeed the fields around Valhalla. I found that not only was I in Valhalla but I was positioned upon a hill and started 'preaching' to the masses. Please excuse my use of a Christian term but I cannot think of a more appropriate alternative! I started to tell the masses in front of me that Odin was the father of all the Gods, that He was the father of great heroes that bear His blood in their veins and that He is the father of all our people whether they can claim direct descent from Him or not. In essence I was publicly proclaiming my faith in Him. I make no apology for using the Norse version of His name as 1/4 of my ancestry can be traced back to the original Norwegian colonisers of a hitherto deserted area of western Lancashire in the 10th century. Of course my ancestors also knew Him by the name of Woden, Wodan and indeed Gwydion too. At this point I woke up. I did not see Odin within the dream, only Freyja. Of course the fact that it was Freyja who led the host of dead warriors and it was a field that I found myself in would lend to a better interpretation that this was Folkvang ('field of the host') that I visited rather than Valhalla but both are equally worthy places to spend eternity!

I have had a few mystical dreams over the years, all of which I have been able to interpret and I do hold a qualification in Dream Analysis but do not claim to be any kind of expert in the field and the interpretation of dreams is by necessity a personal one. Not all dreams have a 'meaning' but are merely the actions of the subconscious playing through and rerunning thoughts encountered in the  conscious mind during the daytime. However this dream stands out as one which merits a spiritual interpretation. I am not going to attempt an interpretation here because my intention is to initially make the dream publicly known. In addition to a spiritual or mystical interpretation it should be noted that the ancients believed that via the dream state they could encounter other entities including Gods. This is the first time that I have ever encountered a deity within a dream and the first time that I have dreamed about Valhalla or the afterlife. Whilst I was aware of being in Valhalla I had no awareness of whether I was dead or still a living, breathing human being.

My late mother who has been dead 31 years this year was a spiritualist medium and she often told me of her out of body encounters in the dream state where she engaged in astral travelling and encountered the spirits of the dead and angelic beings. This was her belief and I am not in a position to judge that belief as beliefs are inherently personal things. As an aside on one occasion she told me that she had left her body in order to minister healing to my half sister in Germany. Many years later my half sister related to me the experience of her being seriously ill and seeing the spirit or form of my mother by her bed. They had fallen out with each other before this encounter and never spoke to each other again and yet both parties related to me the very same experience which I cannot explain through rational or scientific means.

The dream could be interpreted as an example of astral travelling to a different realm and there are a few examples of this in the saga literature of northern Europe so it is a belief that was held by our pre-Christian ancestors. A third interpretation may be that of a premonition. This is partly why I am making known this dream today on my blog, in order to strengthen the faith of my fellow heathens in the reality of our Gods, the afterlife and the existence of worlds outside of along side of Midgarth if indeed it is a premonition. A few weeks ago I discussed with my partner how both my mother and my late brother had premonitions in the form of dreams of their impending demise and speculated whether this would be my experience as well.

On Sunday 2nd of July 1989 my mother told my late former first wife of a dream that she had a few days previously in which she saw her gravestone. My wife told me about the dream after we returned home that evening. I was rather sceptical and dismissed the dream straight away. I was at the time a fundamentalist Bible-believing Christian. However 4 days later on Thursday 6th of July she was dead. She had a heart attack which she could not possibly have predicted by any rational means. My late father pointed out the rather unusual date: 6/7/89!

In 2009 I received a telephone call from my brother who likewise told me of a dream in which he had received a premonition of impending death. 10 days later he died suddenly and again there is no rational explanation for how he could have predicted this. My German grandfather who died in 1933 was taken ill and shortly before his death he sat up in bed and told my grandmother of seeing a crowd of dead relatives at his bed who had come to greet him. Shortly after this experience he died. This was not a dream that he had but a vision whilst awake. The appearance of dead relatives prior to death is a form or function of the psychopomp. Odin, Freyja and the valkyries all performed the function of a psychopomp. The Grim Reaper is the best known form of the psychopomp in western Europe since the middle ages and I have already speculated on the association between Him and Odin in another article: The Grim Reaper, an Aspect of Grimnir the Hooded One

We will see what this dream actually means with the passing of time and thus I dare not venture an interpretation.

The Scythian Origin Myth, the Four Hallows, the Grail Runes and the Indo-European Caste System

Over the years I have from time to time discussed the Indo-European pagan origins of the grail or graal mythos and how this is rooted in pre-Christian Celtic religion and reflected in the last three or possibly last four rune staves and names. I have also referred to the Scythian connection in the past which I first encountered in Alu An Advanced Guide to Operative Runology by Edred Thorsson (2012, Weiser Books). Edred devotes an appendix in his book to discussing the grail runes (Appendix C Grail Mythos in Old English Runes?)

It would appear that according to Herodotus, writing in The Histories the ancestor of the Scythians was called Targitaos, the son of Zeus (the Greek name for the equivalent Scythian deity) and the daughter of the river god Borysthenes (the Greek name for the Dnieper). He in turn had three sons, Lipoxais, Arpoxais and his youngest Colaxais. These three sons fathered their own tribes. This origin myth bears some similarity to the Germanic origins myth referred to by Tacitus in his Germania. Mannus, the son of the 'earth born god' Tuisto fathered three sons who were the ancestors of the tribal confederations of the Ingaevones, Herminones and the Istvaeones. It is of course possible that these myths are a later survival of an original Proto-Indo-European origins myth.

An alternative view of these three sons is that they are the fathers of three castes rather than tribes. Only the ruling caste, the Skolotoi (Royal Scythians) who were descended from Colaxais worshiped the deity Thagimasadas (identified by Herodotus as the equivalent of Poseidon). This reminds me of the Germanic caste system myth in the Rigsthula of the Poetic Edda. It is the third and youngest caste, Jarl that bears the first Germanic king and this is represented by Kon, the youngest son of Jarl. Likewise Odin has a special relationship with the Jarl caste and it is my contention that the god referred to as Rig is in fact Odin, not Heimdall as this otherwise would not make a great deal of sense. I have discussed this elsewhere on my blogs and do not intend to repeat the arguments in favour of that theory here.

Herodotus goes on to relate that four gold implements fell from the sky to the sons of Targitaos, a plough, yoke, cup and a battle-axe. Dumezil interpreted these as symbols of the Indo-European caste system. The fact that these symbols appeared before the three progenitors of the Scythian castes is significant in my opinion. Only Colaxais was able to touch these gold implements without them bursting into fire and thus his descendants became the guardians of them. Quite obviously the plough and yoke became symbols of the producer or farmer caste. The battle-axe symbolised the warrior (and thus noble) caste whilst the cup represented the priestly one.

At this point I just wish to clarify that the Scythians are regarded as an Indo-European people of Iranian origins. This has been concluded via a study of  the genetics of ancient bodily remains, anthropological descriptions by classical authors, their language (Scythian, a branch of Eastern Iranian), culture and religion. Genetic analysis of six Kurgan warriors indicates that they were carriers of the R1b1a1a2 or R-M629 haplotype which is very common in western Europe and reaches its greatest intensity of 92.3% in Wales. Various classical writers describe the Scythians as having red or fair-hair, being of light skin and having grey or blue eyes and being tall in stature. These physical characteristics closely match those of the Germanic and Celtic peoples and no doubt point to a common distant origin.


The religion of the Scythians appears to have been derived from early primitive Iranian pre-Zoroastrian religion and a number of their deities have been identified. One of their primary deities whose name is unknown corresponds closely to the Greek Ares. As the Scythians were a war-like people this should not surprise us!

In recent years scholars have begun to reassess the King Arthur and grail legends in the light of Scythian history and mythology. Notable examples of this include From Scythia to Camelot: Radical Reassessment of the Legends of King Arthur, the Knights of the Round Table and the Holy Grail (Arthurian Characters and Themes) by C. Scott Littleton and Linda A. Malcor (2000, Routledge) and Arthur the Dragon King. Man and Myth Reassessed by Howard Reid (2001, Headline Book Publishing).

Returning to the issue of the grail legend Edred Thorsson makes the argument in his afore-mentioned book that the symbols of the grail are represented in the last three rune staves of the Anglo-Saxon or (more correctly) the Northumbrian runic futhorc. Calc symbolises the cup or chalice, Stan the stone and Gar the spear of Parsifal. Each of these three symbols, chalice, stone and spear are integral parts of the legend. In the version related in the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach it is the stone rather than the chalice which represents the grail. Wagner in his last work Parsifal emphasises the spear and the chalice. Like Eschenbach Heinrich von Ofterdingen in his Wartburgkrieg depicts the grail as a green stone that fell from the crown of Lucifer. For more interesting background information on this topic I recommend both of Otto Rahn's books translated into English:- Crusade Against the Grail: The Struggle Between the Cathars, the Templars and the Church of Rome and Lucifer's Court: A Heretic's Journey in Search of the Light Bringers (Inner Traditions, 2006 and 2008).

All of this raises the question as to why was the grail mythos encoded in the last three Northumbrian runes? Edred posits the theory that the ultimate origin for the grail runes is to be found in the stationing of Alans in Northumbria by the Roman Empire. With the withdrawal of Rome from Britannia in the early 5th century the Alans appear to have been an influential community in that region of the country. Edred points out that the Alans are of course related to the Scythians and would have been familiar with the legend related by Herodotus. He speculates that the grail runes may have a similar or related meaning. What is certain is that these runes find their parallels in the four hallows of the Celtic gods, the Tuatha De Danann in Irish mythology.

The four hallows are the Stone of Fal, the Spear of Lug, the Cauldron of the Dagda and the Sword of Nuada. It should be noted at this point that the rune which appears immediately before the three grail runes is Cweorth. Some students of the runes have speculated that the etymology and possibly the shape of the stave may indicate a sword and it is certainly worth bearing in mind but it is unfortunately not provable.

Edred further speculates that the three grail runes like the four gold Scythian implements may symbolise the tripartite Indo-European caste system. The spear rune Gar which is closely associated with Odin symbolising the warrior or noble caste, the cup or chalice the rune Calc, the priestly caste whilst Stan the stone rune symbolising the caste of producers. If Edred's theory is correct then we should apply the same interpretation to the four hallows. The Spear of Lugh (partially mythically cognate with Odin) and the Sword of Nuada (mythically cognate with Tyr) represent the warrior and noble caste. The Cauldron of the Dagda would symbolise the priestly caste whilst the Stone of Fal would of course relate to the producers. It is certainly a tempting theory.

The Political Indoctrination of the Masses

On creating this new blog last year I was determined not to discuss politics on here but sometimes this is inevitable as politics is a part of everyday life whether we realise this or not and sometimes what is relevant to the subjects of mythology, religion and spirituality is of relevance to politics as well. My late eldest brother was a graduate of Political Science as well as Modern Languages and we had many a long political discussion late into the night and some of my political education is inevitably due to his influence, particularly in my formative years.

My brother Robert was initially a student in the late 1960s and participated in many a march, demonstration and university sit in. By his own admission he was in the late 60s and early 70s a communist and an anarchist (obviously not at the same time and I cannot remember which way around this was now!). By contrast my late father was a typical Tory and quite an extreme right wing one at that and they never saw eye to eye on politics in those days. By the time of my brother's death at the age of 58 nearly 11 years ago now he had become a conservative with a small 'c'. I however took an opposite journey in my political development from the 'right' to the 'left'.

The terms 'right wing' and 'left wing' are not ones which I tend to use and indeed I usually make a determined effort to avoid their usage as they are open to misinterpretation. This terminology dates back to the days of revolutionary France where the supporters of the French king were seated on the right side of the president in the National Assembly whilst his opponents and supporters of the revolution were seated on the left. For many years I identified myself as a national socialist (but not a nationalist) and contrary to prevailing opinion a 'left winger'. National socialism in its pure and unadulterated form is organic socialism, not to be confused with that of the internationalist variety. It is concerned purely with the welfare of the folk or tribe. Unfortunately national socialism took a wrong turn in late June and early July 1934 with the 'Night of the Long Knives' which had the intention and effect of destroying the left wing of the NSDAP at the instigation of the German officer class and German capitalists. The SA under Ernst Roehm were a revolutionary force that were not satisfied with the progress of the revolution in Germany and desired the implementation of a true national socialist agenda. Caught up in this fratricide were the Strasser brothers. Gregor Strasser was murdered on 30th of June and his brother Otto fled Germany to return nearly 20 years later in 1954. For those of you who would doubt my assertion that national socialism is and was a left wing movement I recommend that you obtain and read a copy of National Socialism-a left wing movement, 1984 by Povl H Riis-Knudsen and also his National Socialism-The Biological Worldview, 1987.

The form of national socialism advocated by Otto Strasser has had an influence upon many late 20th and early 21st century British nationalist parties who realising it or not are or were advocates of Strasserite politics. With regards to national socialism and where it sits on the left-right political spectrum (if we must insist on using such terms)it  is most decidedly left wing for it is revolutionary in nature and seeks to replace the current economic system of capitalism and the current liberal political system. To label it as 'right wing' is absurd for this would imply that it seeks to PRESERVE or CONSERVE this current system which it does not.

After the Night of the Long Knives the NSDAP largely abandoned its socialist agenda and took a very nationalistic, fascist and militaristic turn culminating in the insane invasion of the USSR. Even Miguel Serrano in his The Golden Thread (translation by Alex Kurtagic) makes reference to this mistake by Hitler and views this as the fatal error that it was. He poetically describes how the female spirit of Germany abandoned the land and people when Hitler disobeyed his spiritual guides.

It is no longer advisable or credible to openly use the terms national socialist or national socialism and I have started to refer to myself as a follower of organic or tribal socialism. I deliberately avoid the use of the term 'nation' as even Tom Rowsell (Survive the Jive) observed in one of his excellent videos it is an artificial construct. Nations were built from tribal confederations which in turn were combinations of different tribes in Europe and this is why we find many sub races within modern European nations. Contrary to the erroneous assertions of American 'white nationalists' there is no such thing as a 'white race'.This is a very crude and scientifically inaccurate descriptor. The formation of nations was a necessary building block for the imperialist intentions and ambitions of the elite. In my opinion only tribes and confederations of related tribes have any biological legitimacy.

It is clear from my studies of the ancient Celts, Teutons, Slavs and Balts (the northern European peoples) that whilst they still were at the stage of tribal societies (rather than 'nations') that they held all land and cattle in common, recognising tribal ownership of all land and cattle. The individual only held his land and cattle on trust on behalf of the tribe. Our ancestors before the onset and introduction of 'money' and capitalism practiced a primitive form of socialism. Indeed one could go further and refer to this as communism. I intend in future articles to explore this concept further.

One often hears (usually from wealthy American capitalists such as Trump) that 'socialism never works'. This as we know is a falsification of the truth for the USA's primary mission in the world is to spread the capitalist economic system and the neo-liberal political system and part of this involves the destabalisation of societies with alternative political and economic systems (e.g. the USSR, South America et al) via the arming of 'rebels', invasion or their current favourite method, 'sanctions'. Economic warfare in many senses is as bad as actual warfare for the effects of these sanctions on a society are just as debilitating. Socialism in the mid 20th century in the 'west' was made into a bogeyman as witnessed in the late 1940s and 1950s McCarthy witch hunts and the effects of this demonisation is still felt today with the character assassination of Jeremy Corbyn by the gutter Tory press which is little more than a propaganda tool of the wealthy elite.

The beginnings of mass education in mid 19th century England was a two edged sword. Of course literacy and education are good and positive things but the education of the masses has made them prone to the propaganda of the elite. Hundreds of thousands of voters had their minds poisoned by the constant negative press given to Mr Corbyn by the media and the pro-Israel lobby. I have spoken to people about this just before and after the general election last month and whilst people were forthright in their views about him ('can't stand the man, hate him,' etc) they were unable to the man to tell me WHY? They could not articulate the reason for their emotions. This is surely indoctrination, the effects of 2 years of relentless media attack following Labour's very good election result in 2017. Of course one can rightly point to the issue of Brexit and Labour's sitting on the fence about this policy but this does not explain the visceral hatred that many people feel towards him.

Predictably the masses have like turkeys voted for Christmas and will be the first to complain about another 5 years of 'austerity'. They will truly get what they richly deserve! This is why I feel that it is imperative that in a democratic system as we have in this country that education regarding the British constitution and political science be made a mandatory part of the educational curriculum. People should demonstrate their intellectual fitness for the exercise of the political franchise by the passing of a basic test in these matters rather than permit any fool or idiot to exercise their choice at the ballot box. The general political illiteracy of the masses in this country is startling and I do not for one minute believe this to be an accident!